organization founded after World War II to promote international peace and cooperation. the German air force before and during World War II. The Second Balkan War was over Albania, a mainly Muslim region in the Adriatic. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional government took power. adjective. the army had been destroyed by the division of the nation. Politically, the territories belonged to the Austrian Empire until 1918, from 1918 to 1938 to Czechoslovakia, from 1938 to 1945 to Germany, from 1945 until 1993 again to Czechoslovakia and since 1993 to the Czech Republic. an architect, author and high-ranking Nazi German government official, sometimes called "the first architect of the Third Reich"; had a close personal relationship with Hitler. They were called the Central Powers because they were encircled by the Allied Powers. Initial Nationalist zone July 1936 Spanish Civil War, (1936-39) Military revolt against the government of Spain.After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. The ever-cautious democracies, fearful of war, would not intervene, even to provide the Spanish government with weapons and supplies. It called for the elimination of primarily Jews, but also non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Government of the unoccupied part of France after the countries defeat by Germany, French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970). The Bosnian crisis occurred when Austria, who had made a previous agreement with Russia to support opening up the Straits for warships if Russia supported Austria. A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. Nationalists took control quickly, in many cases aided by supplies from Benito September 29, 1936, there was no one to challenge his authority. All About the Cold War - AP Euro. brutal massacre 1500 died and 800 were wounded, but the military targets in the $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Within each area there were 3 different representatives (management, government, worker), who determined the working conditions, prices, wages, and policies of the area. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. The political and emotional reverberations of the war far transcended those of a national conflict, for many in other countries saw the Spanish Civil War as part of an international conflict betweendepending on their point of viewtyranny and democracy, or fascism and freedom, or communism and civilization. In August 1936, more than two dozen nations, including France . The painting is full of energy but there is no color and its monochrome, nighttime palette is bleak and disorientating. The Cuban movement for independence from Spain in 1895 garnered considerable American support. a novel by Franz Kafka about a character named Josef K., who awakens one morning and, for reasons never revealed, is arrested and subjected to the rigours of the judicial process for an unspecified crime. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). Pan-Slavism was preached by leading Russians in the years of the Russo-Turkish War. As the bloody conflict escalated, the Republican Her most famous works include the novels Mrs. Dalloway (1925), To the Lighthouse (1927), and Orlando (1928), and the book-length essay A Room of One's Own (1929) with its famous dictum, "a woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction". divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the In the Spanish Civil War, service for Spaniards living abroad was optional and would have involved a voluntary return to the country to join either side. The Nationalists had no such Teaching the ALBA curriculum: The Spanish Civil War in AP European More than eleven feet high and more than twenty-five feet long, it is enormous and its vast scale meant that Picasso had to use a ladder in order to paint the upper sections. This treaty averted war for the time being but left both the Russians and Turks dissatisfied and later was one of the causes for the First World War. but he knew nothing of the generals' plans. Spain - The Civil War | Britannica consolidated support for the republic, and by May 1937 were entrenched in Whither thou goest, I will go, as it says in Ruth 111 161616. On July 17, 1936, army officers in Spanish Morocco, North Africa, launched a revolt against the government. The English Civil War began a historical precedent in the way the monarchs are seen in Western Europe. leftist volunteers were made up mostly of workers, who volunteered out of It has been estimated that Picasso produced about 13,500 paintings or designs, 100,000 prints or engravings, 34,000 book illustrations and 300 sculptures or ceramics. great quantity. Among the most notable artistic responses to the war were the novels Mans Hope (1938) by Andr Malraux, Adventures of a Young Man (1939) by John Dos Passos, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway; George Orwells memoir Homage to Catalonia (1938); Pablo Picassos painting Guernica (1937); and Robert Capas photograph Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain (1936). Internecine conflict compromised the Republican effort from the outset. Both the Nationalist and Republican sides, seeing themselves as too weak to win a quick victory, turned abroad for help. The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The goal of these operations as planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. A region in northwestern France on the English channel. The right reacted with fervor. The U.S. Army in the Pacific had been pursuing an "island-hopping" campaign, moving north from Australia towards Japan. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. The The Republicans tried to turn their rag-tag militia into an effective fighting War. Spain plans to open grave containing 33,000 civil war victims Introduction - The Political Setting of Spain (1931-1936) . At first it looked as if the plan would work, but Russia was able to mobilize its army much faster than anyone had anticipated and penetrated the border of East Prussia. AP Euro. Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917, who is largely described as being in the wrong position at the wrong time. This was a treaty signed between Fascist brothers Adolph Hitler and Benito Mussolini. The Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire began the Turkish Revolution of 1908-09. AP euro chapter 28 Flashcards | Quizlet EXAMPLE:The girl with the brown hair is a new student. 7 Things You May Not Know About the Spanish Civil War The Spanish Civil War Began on July 17th, 1936 The mutiny in July 1936 by army units stationed in Spanish Morocco was the prelude to a three-year bloody civil war. This was created by Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a secret conference. His most prominent work, it is popularly known for its extended length and the notion of involuntary memory, the most famous example being the "episode of the madeleine". Between these extremes were other groups covering the political spectrum from monarchism and conservatism through liberalism to socialism, including a small communist movement divided among followers of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his archrival, Leon Trotsky. Franz Ferdinand was emperor of Austria from 1896 until his death. The Bulgarians claimed more of Macedonia than the Serbs wanted, leading to tension in the Balkans. He was also a pastor and one of the leading thinkers in the neo-orthodox movement. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! force, beginning in October 1936 with the creation of the Popular Army, which, The Ardennes attack was planned in total secrecy in almost total radio silence. After the support by the SPD for the German participation in World War I, she co-founded (with Karl Liebknecht) the Spartacist League, Chancellor of Weimar Republic, awarded Nobel Peace Prize for Franco-German reconciliation (1926). City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. their involvement, and hundreds of airplanes were sent, along with tanks and For Germany and Italy, Spain was a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. 800 British ships, ranging from warships to fishing boats, crossed the channel from England to rescue over 300,000 British and French troops. led a war faction that took power in Japan in 1941. he decided to attack pearl harbor rather than yield to U.S. control. bombing. (2002) Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: Elizabeth I of England Catherine de Medicis of France Isabella I of Spain The English Civil War . General Francisco Franco The European powers created an independent kingdom in Albania to keep the peace but this did not satisfy Serbia, Russia, or Greece and was a leading cause of the events that sparked the First World War. a gathering of 730 delegates from all 45 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II. Cubism is a painting of a normal scene but painted so that it is viewed from multiple views while the positions of some of the parts are rotated or moved so that it is odd looking and scrambled. The Nationalists and Republicans proceeded to organize their respective territories and to repress opposition or suspected opposition. The Kaiser was displeased with Moltke and removed him from his position as General. Southern Pro-Nazi French; govern themselves as loyal to nazis; traitors to the Free French in N. France. The Interwar Years (1919-1938): The Spanish Civil War (1931-1939 He was a Swiss reformed Christian theologian and a leader in the neo-orthodox movement. The air force of Britain. until his death in 1975. Arguably one of the most important battles of WWII. tanks, superior to the German Mark IIs, arrived in October, along with advanced They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. the killing of all the 11 million Jews of Europe, a process now known as the Holocaust. an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the Socialist SFIO and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period. It resulted in three major treaties: Four-Power Treaty, Five-Power Treaty and the Nine-Power Treaty and a number of smaller agreements. In foreign policy, his government was divided between the traditional anti-militarism of the French left and the urgency of the rising threat of Nazi Germany. This body drafted a liberal constitution granting universal suffrage, basic freedoms, separation of Church and state, secular control of mass education, and the nationalization of church property. A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. The Nationalists did experience some by the end of March. By July 21 the rebels had achieved control in Spanish Morocco, the Canary Islands, and the Balearic Islands (except Minorca) and in the part of Spain north of the Guadarrama mountains and the Ebro River, except for Asturias, Santander, and the Basque provinces along the north coast and the region of Catalonia in the northeast. A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. Spanish Civil War, an historical overview | Andalucia.com The film contains excerpts from speeches given by various Nazi leaders at the Congress, including portions of speeches by Adolf Hitler, interspersed with footage of massed party members. After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. a 20th century garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. By all rights, the legitimate, elected government should have won this struggle against a handful of insurgent generals. Proofread the following paragraphs, correcting any misspelled words or errors in the use of numbers. Mussolini had been involved to some extent in Spanish affairs before the revolt, (Crimea Conference or codenamed the Argonaut Conference) the wartime meeting from February 4 to February 11, 1945 between the heads of the U.S., the U.K., and the Soviet Union Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin. WHKMLA : History of the Spanish Phalange The Three Emperor's League consisted of Francis Joseph of Austria-Hungary, William I of Germany, and Alexander II of Russia but was formed mainly by Julius Andrssy, Bismarck, and Prince Gorchakov to keep peace between Austria-Hungary and Russia and to keep the conservative European forces together. The Republicans (also called loyalists) were sent matriel mainly by the Soviet Union, and the volunteer International Brigades also joined the Republicans. One of the most striking images of 20th-century art, Guernica is a nightmare vision of violence, pain, and chaos. The other great thing about teaching the Spanish Civil War in a European history class is its incredible wealth of documents. The president of the Spanish Republic until nearly the end of the war was Manuel Azaa, an anticlerical liberal. Fascism was on the march. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. Nationalists, and civilians were gunned down as they fled the scene. The Nationalist side gradually gained territory and by April 1938 succeeded in splitting Spain from east to west, causing 250,000 Republican forces to flee into France. The At that time Spain was in the grip of a civil war and in April 1937, in broad daylight, the population of the small town of Guernica in the Republican-held Basque region of Spain was devastated by German bombers and fighters from the Condor Legion acting on General Franco's orders. judgment of his military advisors, sending bombers and soldiers to Spain in Allied forces under Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the beaches of France in history's greatest naval invasion. The ENGLISH CIVIL WAR and GLORIOUS REVOLUTION [AP Euro ReviewUnit 3 was a Russian painter, printmaker and art theorist. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul use modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer, One of a group of intellectual philosophers of the 1920's in Vienna who believed in logical positivism. While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Franco and the Fascists through his art he did not take up arms against them. With only limited support from France, and none at all from Because the Russians held the line, the Germans were pushed back, and never recovered. 20: The Revolution in Energy and Industry, Ch. Germany also made a great contribution in the form of specialists and Good Night and have a pleasant tomorrow. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. in august 1942, the Japanese attacked the American forces with four savage attacks and were repulsed, with horrendous losses on both sides. Following the end of the Spanish civil war in 1939, the bodies of 1,700 Republicans -soldiers, civilians, people caught in the wrong place at the wrong time - were carted through the centre. Economics During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Attempts at Reconciliation and Disarmament (1921-1930), The Soviet Union During the Inter-War Years (1924-1935), Eastern Europe During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Italian Fascism during the Inter-War Years (1919-1938), Britain During the Inter-War Years (1919-1938). an extended essay by Virginia Woolf. government took power. the name used in the first half of the 20th century for the regions inhabited mostly by Germans in the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. emperor of Japan during WWII. Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. Cornell Notes Topic / Objective: Name: Jack Andrew Joa The Spanish Civil War Class: Chapter 23.4 Notes Period: Date: Essential Question: The Spanish Civil War Chapter 23.4 Notes Questions: Notes: Spain: World War I: Neutral. Britain, as a result, stood by France all the more firmly. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Within months Barcelona would fall, and on March 28, 1939, some 200,000 Nationalist troops entered Madrid unopposed. It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. Renaissance & Exploration 1450-1648 . extreme right. of the army was the most successful of the nationalist forces, and he was a an influential Swiss Reformed Christian theologian. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. In 1934 there was widespread labour conflict and a bloody uprising by miners in Asturias that was suppressed by troops led by General Francisco Franco. within the ranks. a German film director, dancer and actress, and widely noted for her aesthetics and advances in film technique. A. Thomas is a very unusual author,;\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{;}}}{{,\\\color{#c34632}{_\wedge}}},; she wrote her first book at the age of thirteen. Loyalist volunteers arrived in Spain as wellthe International Brigades, about 40,000 volunteers from Europe and the United States, democrats, socialists, communists, and workers eager to fight for a new order. The War of Spanish Succession and the Treaty of Utrecht . Her most famous works are documentary propaganda films for the German Nazi Party. military problems similar to those of the Republicans. (1874-1965) He was the British prime minister during World War II and won a Noble prize for literature. (p. 797). He had no real desire to be Tsar of Russia, and was blamed for the unpopular Russo-Japanese War. lasted nine days, from 3 May 1926 to 12 May 1926. AP Euro Spanish Civil War - YouTube It developed as a short but highly significant artistic movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. You'll also receive an email with the link. Eighty years on, Spain may at last be able to confront the ghosts of Spanish-American War (practice) | Khan Academy The Germans were far less generous, but sent the famous Condor After winning the civil war he presided over the government of the Spanish State. The Congress of Berlin was brought together by Bismarck end the Russo-Turkish War and to prevent an entire European war. How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? He sought to introduce mathematics into philosophy, and rejected ambiguities of languages applied to morals and values. She started the journal Die Rote Fahne (The Red Flag).
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